Curate 2 Mars-regolith growth-panel records (000308-000309)

kb/communities/Mars_Meteorite_EETA79001_Growth_Panel.yaml

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+id: CommunityMech:000308
+name: Mars Meteorite EETA79001 Microbial Growth Panel
+description: >
+  A defined four-member panel of microorganisms tested for their ability to grow on
+  actual martian regolith, supplied as sawdust of the Mars meteorite EETA79001, rather
+  than on a terrestrial simulant. The panel comprises the bacterium Escherichia coli B,
+  the two cyanobacteria Eucapsis sp. and Chroococcidiopsis sp. strain
+  Chr20-20201027-1, and the cold-adapted bacterium Planococcus halocryophilus. Each
+  organism was cultivated separately on EETA79001 sawdust for up to 23 days under
+  terrestrial conditions across regolith:water ratios from 4:1 to 1:10; the study
+  demonstrates that real martian regolith can support microbial growth and does not
+  contain bactericidal agents. The panel is an astrobiology / In-Situ Resource
+  Utilization model relevant to putative martian life and to bio-sustainable human
+  habitats on Mars. Members were assayed individually, so the record captures a shared
+  capacity to grow on martian regolith rather than measured interspecies interactions.
+ecological_state: ENGINEERED
+community_origin: SYNTHETIC
+community_category: EXTREME_ENVIRONMENT
+engineering_design:
+  objective: >
+    Determine whether actual martian regolith (Mars meteorite EETA79001 sawdust) can
+    support the growth of microorganisms, using a panel of four organisms tested on
+    real martian material instead of a terrestrial simulant.
+  assembly_strategy: >
+    Assemble a four-member panel spanning a model bacterium (Escherichia coli B), two
+    cyanobacteria (Eucapsis sp.; Chroococcidiopsis sp. Chr20-20201027-1), and a
+    cold-adapted environmental bacterium (Planococcus halocryophilus), and cultivate
+    each organism separately on EETA79001 regolith sawdust across a range of
+    regolith:water ratios.
+  perturbation_design: >
+    Regolith:water ratio was the primary designed variable, spanning 4:1 to 1:10, with
+    growth followed for up to 23 days under terrestrial conditions.
+  measurement_endpoints:
+  - Growth and survival of each organism on EETA79001 regolith over 23 days
+  - Dependence of growth on regolith:water ratio (4:1 to 1:10)
+  - Absence of bactericidal activity in the martian regolith
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: actual martian regolith, in the form of Mars meteorite EETA79001 sawdust
+    explanation: States the objective of testing growth on actual martian regolith supplied as EETA79001 meteorite sawdust.
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: support the growth of four microorganisms
+    explanation: Supports the four-member panel design tested on martian regolith.
+environment_term:
+  preferred_term: Mars meteorite EETA79001 regolith growth assay (laboratory culture)
+  term:
+    id: ENVO:01001405
+    label: laboratory environment
+  notes: >
+    The community is a controlled laboratory growth assay on actual martian regolith
+    (Mars meteorite EETA79001 sawdust) under terrestrial conditions, not a sampled
+    natural community. The ENVO grounding reflects the controlled experimental setting;
+    the extraterrestrial regolith substrate is captured in modeled_environment and
+    environmental_factors.
+modeled_environment:
+- preferred_term: regolith
+  term:
+    id: ENVO:01000747
+    label: regolith
+taxonomy:
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Escherichia coli B
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:562
+      label: Escherichia coli
+    notes: >
+      Source uses Escherichia coli B as a model bacterium; ontology grounding is
+      species-level to the stable NCBI Taxonomy term Escherichia coli.
+  strain_designation:
+    strain_name: B
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: Escherichia coli B
+    explanation: Names Escherichia coli B as a member of the growth panel.
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Eucapsis sp.
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:1521555
+      label: Eucapsis
+    notes: >
+      Source identifies the member only to the cyanobacterial genus Eucapsis; ontology
+      grounding is genus-level.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: the two cyanobacteria, Eucapsis and Chr20
+    explanation: Names Eucapsis as one of the two cyanobacteria in the panel.
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Chroococcidiopsis sp. Chr20-20201027-1
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:54298
+      label: Chroococcidiopsis
+    notes: >
+      Source designates this cyanobacterium Chr20-20201027-1 (abbreviated Chr20) and
+      identifies it as a Chroococcidiopsis sp.; ontology grounding is genus-level.
+  strain_designation:
+    strain_name: Chr20-20201027-1
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: Chr20-20201027-1, and P. halocryophilus
+    explanation: Names Chr20-20201027-1 (Chroococcidiopsis sp.) as a member of the panel.
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Planococcus halocryophilus
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:1215089
+      label: Planococcus halocryophilus
+    notes: >
+      A cold-adapted (psychrophilic, halotolerant) bacterium; ontology grounding is
+      species-level.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: Planococcus halocryophilus
+    explanation: Names Planococcus halocryophilus as the cold-adapted bacterial member of the panel.
+# No ecological_interactions block: the four members were assayed individually on the
+# regolith (never co-cultured), so no interspecies interaction was measured. The shared
+# community-level capacity to grow on martian regolith is captured in the description
+# and environmental_factors instead.
+environmental_factors:
+- name: Actual martian regolith substrate (Mars meteorite EETA79001)
+  value: EETA79001 meteorite sawdust
+  description: >
+    Growth was tested on sawdust of the Mars meteorite EETA79001, a sample of actual
+    martian material used in place of a terrestrial simulant to duplicate martian
+    mineralogy and chemistry.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: actual martian regolith, in the form of Mars meteorite EETA79001 sawdust
+    explanation: Supports the actual martian regolith (EETA79001 meteorite sawdust) as the growth substrate.
+- name: Regolith-to-water ratio
+  value: 4:1 to 1:10 (regolith:water)
+  description: >
+    Growth was assayed across regolith:water ratios ranging from 4:1 to 1:10 over up to
+    23 days, defining the moisture regime supporting microbial growth on the martian
+    material.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:38665180
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: regolith:water ratios from 4:1 to 1:10
+    explanation: Supports the range of regolith:water ratios tested.
+# No associated_datasets block: the study reports growth/survival measurements, not an
+# omics dataset, and DatasetTypeEnum covers only omics data types.

kb/communities/Mars_Regolith_Cyanobacteria_Biofertilizer_Panel.yaml

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+id: CommunityMech:000309
+name: Mars Regolith Cyanobacteria/Microalga Biofertilizer Panel
+description: >
+  A defined four-member panel of photosynthetic microorganisms evaluated for their
+  ability to grow using only martian resources (water and Mars Global Simulant MGS-1
+  regolith extract) under an Earth-like atmosphere, as candidates to support Mars
+  colonization through oxygen and biomass production. The panel comprises three
+  cyanobacteria — Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc muscorum (NCBI Taxonomy: Desmonostoc
+  muscorum), and Arthrospira platensis (NCBI Taxonomy: Limnospira platensis) — and the
+  green microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Each species was grown separately in a martian
+  regolith extract culture medium and monitored for 25 days by optical density and
+  fluorometric parameters; Nostoc muscorum grew best, while Arthrospira platensis and
+  Chlorella vulgaris did not thrive on the regolith extract. End-of-life biomass was
+  then tested as a biofertilizing agent for the macrophyte Lemna minor, stimulating
+  plant biomass to levels comparable to standard synthetic medium. The panel is an
+  In-Situ Resource Utilization model for bioregenerative life support on Mars. Members
+  were assayed individually, so the record captures a shared capacity to grow on
+  martian regolith resources rather than measured interspecies interactions.
+ecological_state: ENGINEERED
+community_origin: SYNTHETIC
+community_category: EXTREME_ENVIRONMENT
+engineering_design:
+  objective: >
+    Evaluate whether cyanobacteria and a green microalga can grow using only martian
+    resources (water plus Mars regolith simulant MGS-1 extract) under an Earth-like
+    atmosphere, and whether their end-of-life biomass can act as a biofertilizer, as
+    candidates to support Mars colonization.
+  assembly_strategy: >
+    Assemble a four-member photosynthetic panel (Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc muscorum,
+    Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella vulgaris), produce a martian regolith (MGS-1)
+    extract as culture medium, and grow each species separately; then apply end-of-life
+    biomass as a biofertilizing agent to the macrophyte model Lemna minor.
+  perturbation_design: >
+    Culture medium was the primary designed variable: a Mars regolith (MGS-1) extract
+    versus standard synthetic medium, with growth monitored for 25 days.
+  measurement_endpoints:
+  - Growth of each species on Mars regolith extract over 25 days (optical density, fluorometric parameters)
+  - Biofertilizing effect of end-of-life biomass on Lemna minor dry-weight biomass
+  - FTIR-ATR spectral differences (polysaccharide-related) in plants grown with vs without regolith
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: grow using only the resources existing in Mars, i.e., water and Martian regolith stimulant (MGS-1)
+    explanation: States the objective of growing the panel using only martian resources (water plus MGS-1 regolith).
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: possible contribution of end-of-life cyanobacteria/microalga as biofertilizing agents
+    explanation: Supports the biofertilizer arm of the design using end-of-life biomass.
+environment_term:
+  preferred_term: Mars regolith (MGS-1) extract culture assay (laboratory culture)
+  term:
+    id: ENVO:01001405
+    label: laboratory environment
+  notes: >
+    The community is a controlled laboratory culture assay in a Mars regolith simulant
+    (MGS-1) extract under an Earth-like atmosphere, not a sampled natural community. The
+    ENVO grounding reflects the controlled experimental setting; the martian regolith
+    resource context is captured in modeled_environment and environmental_factors.
+modeled_environment:
+- preferred_term: regolith
+  term:
+    id: ENVO:01000747
+    label: regolith
+taxonomy:
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Anabaena cylindrica
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:1165
+      label: Anabaena cylindrica
+    notes: >
+      A filamentous, heterocyst-forming, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium; ontology
+      grounding is species-level.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: three species of cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc muscorum, and Arthrospira platensis)
+    explanation: Names Anabaena cylindrica as one of the three cyanobacteria in the panel.
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Nostoc muscorum
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:1179
+      label: Desmonostoc muscorum
+    notes: >
+      Source names the strain Nostoc muscorum; NCBI Taxonomy has reclassified this
+      species as Desmonostoc muscorum (NCBITaxon:1179), so the canonical ontology label
+      used here is Desmonostoc muscorum. It showed the best growth on the regolith
+      extract.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: N. muscorum showed the best growth performance
+    explanation: Names Nostoc muscorum as the best-growing panel member on Mars regolith extract.
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Arthrospira platensis
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:118562
+      label: Limnospira platensis
+    notes: >
+      Source names the strain Arthrospira platensis (spirulina); NCBI Taxonomy has
+      reclassified this species as Limnospira platensis (NCBITaxon:118562), so the
+      canonical ontology label used here is Limnospira platensis. It did not thrive on
+      the regolith extract but performed best as a biofertilizer.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: A. platensis and C. vulgaris were not able to thrive on Mars regolith extract
+    explanation: Names Arthrospira platensis as a panel member that did not thrive on the regolith extract.
+- taxon_term:
+    preferred_term: Chlorella vulgaris
+    term:
+      id: NCBITaxon:3077
+      label: Chlorella vulgaris
+    notes: >
+      A green microalga (not a cyanobacterium); ontology grounding is species-level. It
+      did not thrive on the regolith extract.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: a green microalga (Chlorella vulgaris)
+    explanation: Names Chlorella vulgaris as the green-microalga member of the panel.
+# No ecological_interactions block: the four members were assayed individually in the
+# regolith extract (never co-cultured), so no interspecies interaction was measured. The
+# biofertilizer effect on Lemna minor is a downstream application of end-of-life biomass,
+# captured in the description and environmental_factors rather than as an interaction.
+environmental_factors:
+- name: Mars regolith simulant (MGS-1) extract as sole nutrient resource
+  value: MGS-1 regolith extract culture medium
+  description: >
+    The panel was grown using only martian resources — water and a Mars Global Simulant
+    (MGS-1) regolith extract used as culture medium — under an Earth-like atmosphere,
+    testing In-Situ Resource Utilization for phototroph cultivation on Mars.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: grow using only the resources existing in Mars, i.e., water and Martian regolith stimulant (MGS-1)
+    explanation: Supports MGS-1 regolith extract plus water as the sole nutrient resource.
+- name: End-of-life biomass biofertilization of Lemna minor
+  value: Lemna minor dry-weight stimulation
+  description: >
+    End-of-life cyanobacteria/microalga biomass was applied as a biofertilizing agent to
+    the macrophyte Lemna minor, stimulating dry-weight biomass to levels comparable to
+    standard synthetic medium; the highest yield was reached with Arthrospira platensis.
+  evidence:
+  - reference: PMID:35865930
+    supports: SUPPORT
+    evidence_source: IN_VITRO
+    snippet: possible contribution of end-of-life cyanobacteria/microalga as biofertilizing agents
+    explanation: Supports the biofertilizing use of end-of-life biomass on the Lemna minor plant model.

references_cache/PMID_35865930.txt

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+1. Front Microbiol. 2022 Jul 5;13:840098. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840098. 
+eCollection 2022.
+
+Cyanobacteria as Candidates to Support Mars Colonization: Growth and 
+Biofertilization Potential Using Mars Regolith as a Resource.
+
+Macário IPE(1)(2), Veloso T(1)(2), Frankenbach S(1), Serôdio J(1), Passos H(2), 
+Sousa C(3), Gonçalves FJM(1), Ventura SPM(2), Pereira JL(1).
+
+Author information:
+(1)Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, 
+University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
+(2)CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University 
+of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
+(3)Laboratório Associado, Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola 
+Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal.
+
+Cyanobacteria are indicated as organisms that can possibly support Mars 
+colonization, contributing to the production of oxygen and other commodities 
+therein. In this general context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the 
+ability of three species of cyanobacteria (Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc muscorum, 
+and Arthrospira platensis) and a green microalga (Chlorella vulgaris) to grow 
+using only the resources existing in Mars, i.e., water and Martian regolith 
+stimulant (MGS-1), under an Earth-like atmosphere. A Martian regolith extract 
+was produced and used as a culture medium to grow these species. Their growth 
+was assessed during a period of 25 days, using optical density and fluorometric 
+parameters. After this period, the possible contribution of end-of-life 
+cyanobacteria/microalga as biofertilizing agents was also assessed, using the 
+macrophyte Lemna minor as a vegetable model. Among the three species, N. 
+muscorum showed the best growth performance when compared to the other species, 
+while A. platensis and C. vulgaris were not able to thrive on Mars regolith 
+extract. Therefore, N. muscorum should be the target of future studies not only 
+due to their role in oxygen production but also due to their possible use as a 
+food source, as many members of the Nostoc genus. Cyanobacteria and microalgae 
+(A. platensis and C. vulgaris) showed good abilities as biofertilizing agents, 
+i.e., they stimulated biomass (i.e., dry weight) production at levels comparable 
+to the plants that grew on standard synthetic medium. The highest yield was 
+reached with A. platensis, while the lowest was achieved using the media with N. 
+muscorum. FTIR-ATR (Fourier transform infrared with attenuated total 
+reflectance) spectroscopy showed that the differences between the plants grown 
+on media with or without Martian regolith seem to be related mainly to 
+polysaccharides.
+
+Copyright © 2022 Macário, Veloso, Frankenbach, Serôdio, Passos, Sousa, 
+Gonçalves, Ventura and Pereira.
+
+DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840098
+PMCID: PMC9295076
+PMID: 35865930
+
+Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
+conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
+be construed as a potential conflict of interest.