remove narrowing conversion in random.hpp

[Becheler]

Refs #496

Before submitting

• This PR targets the develop branch.
• I searched for an existing PR or issue covering the same change.
• My contribution is licensed under the Boost Software License 1.0.

Type of change

• Bug fix
• New feature or API addition
• Refactor (no behavior change)
• Documentation
• Build, CI, or tooling
• Other (specify below)

Does this PR introduce a breaking change?

• Yes (describe migration impact below)
• No

What this PR does

Remove narrowing conversion in random header.

Motivation

Parameterize uniform_int on the graph's size_type to remove the size_t > int narrowing in random_vertex/random_edge, clearing the MSVC C4267 warnings and fixing latent truncation for graphs larger than INT_MAX.

Testing

Same CI, less warnings:

Job	Baseline (develop)	After fix	Δ
MSVC 14.3	1226	1097	−129
ubuntu gcc-14 (14/17/20/23)	51	51	0
ubuntu clang-19 (14/17/20/23)	75	75	0
macOS clang 14	75	75	0
macOS clang 17	70	70	0
macOS clang 20	70	70	0
all cmake jobs	0	0	0

Checklist

• Existing tests pass (b2 in the test/ directory).
• New behavior is covered by a test, or this is a docs / build / refactor change.
• Documentation was updated if user-facing behavior changed.
• No new compiler warnings on the platforms I built against.