diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 1362609..9681c60 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ jobs:
     - name: wstd tests
       run: cargo test -p wstd -p wstd-axum --target wasm32-wasip2 -- --nocapture
 
+    - name: p3 wstd tests
+      run: cargo test -p wstd -p wstd-axum --target wasm32-wasip2 --no-default-features --features p3 -- --nocapture
+
     - name: test-programs tests
       run: cargo test -p test-programs -- --nocapture
       if: steps.creds.outcome == 'success'
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 386afa8..90a90cd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,9 +13,16 @@ repository.workspace = true
 rust-version.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["json"]
+default = ["json", "p2"]
 json = ["dep:serde", "dep:serde_json"]
 
+# WASI backend selection. Exactly one of these must be enabled.
+p2 = ["dep:wasip2"]
+p3 = ["dep:wasip3"]
+
+[build-dependencies]
+cfg_aliases.workspace = true
+
 [dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
 async-task.workspace = true
@@ -27,9 +34,11 @@ http.workspace = true
 itoa.workspace = true
 pin-project-lite.workspace = true
 slab.workspace = true
-wasip2.workspace = true
 wstd-macro.workspace = true
 
+wasip2 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+wasip3 = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+
 # optional
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -43,6 +52,62 @@ humantime.workspace = true
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 serde_json.workspace = true
 
+[[test]]
+name = "http_first_byte_timeout"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "http_get"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "http_get_json"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "http_handle_error_code"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "http_post"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "http_post_json"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "http_timeout"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[test]]
+name = "sleep"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "complex_http_client"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "http_client"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "http_server"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "http_server_proxy"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "tcp_echo_server"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "tcp_stream_client"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
 [workspace]
 members = [
     "axum",
@@ -72,6 +137,7 @@ async-task = "4.7"
 axum = { version = "0.8.6", default-features = false }
 bytes = "1.10.1"
 cargo_metadata = "0.22"
+cfg_aliases = "0.2"
 clap = { version = "4.5.26", features = ["derive"] }
 futures-core = "0.3.19"
 futures-lite = "1.12.0"
@@ -95,13 +161,13 @@ test-programs = { path = "test-programs" }
 tower-service = "0.3.3"
 ureq = { version = "3.1", default-features = false, features = ["json"] }
 wasip2 = "1.0"
-wstd = { path = ".", version = "=0.6.8" }
+wasip3 = "0.8"
+wstd = { path = ".", version = "=0.6.8", default-features = false }
 wstd-axum = { path = "./axum", version = "=0.6.8" }
 wstd-axum-macro = { path = "./axum/macro", version = "=0.6.8" }
 wstd-macro = { path = "./macro", version = "=0.6.8" }
 
 [package.metadata.docs.rs]
-all-features = true
 targets = [
     "wasm32-wasip2"
 ]
diff --git a/axum/Cargo.toml b/axum/Cargo.toml
index 154a021..a27ce78 100644
--- a/axum/Cargo.toml
+++ b/axum/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,12 +13,32 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 axum.workspace = true
 tower-service.workspace = true
-wstd.workspace = true
+wstd = { workspace = true, features = ["json"] }
 wstd-axum-macro.workspace = true
 
+[features]
+default = ["p2"]
+p2 = ["wstd/p2"]
+p3 = ["wstd/p3"]
+
+[build-dependencies]
+cfg_aliases.workspace = true
+
 [dev-dependencies]
 anyhow.workspace = true
 futures-concurrency.workspace = true
 serde = { workspace = true, features = ["derive"] }
 serde_qs.workspace = true
 axum = { workspace = true, features = ["query", "json", "macros"] }
+
+[[example]]
+name = "hello_world"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "hello_world_nomacro"
+required-features = ["p2"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "weather"
+required-features = ["p2"]
diff --git a/axum/build.rs b/axum/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a5f457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/axum/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use cfg_aliases::cfg_aliases;
+
+fn main() {
+    cfg_aliases! {
+        // TODO https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wstd/issues/147: Swap these
+        // to use `target_env` instead.
+        p2: { feature = "p2" },
+        p3: { feature = "p3" },
+    }
+}
diff --git a/axum/src/lib.rs b/axum/src/lib.rs
index 3272b91..c730fd2 100644
--- a/axum/src/lib.rs
+++ b/axum/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#![cfg(p2)]
 //! Support for the [`axum`] web server framework in wasi-http components, via
 //! [`wstd`].
 //!
diff --git a/build.rs b/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a5f457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+use cfg_aliases::cfg_aliases;
+
+fn main() {
+    cfg_aliases! {
+        // TODO https://github.com/bytecodealliance/wstd/issues/147: Swap these
+        // to use `target_env` instead.
+        p2: { feature = "p2" },
+        p3: { feature = "p3" },
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/tcp_echo_server.rs b/examples/tcp_echo_server.rs
index f1dd895..3b02009 100644
--- a/examples/tcp_echo_server.rs
+++ b/examples/tcp_echo_server.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use wstd::net::TcpListener;
 
 #[wstd::main]
 async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
-    let listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").await?;
+    let mut listener = TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:8080").await?;
     println!("Listening on {}", listener.local_addr()?);
     println!("type `nc localhost 8080` to create a TCP client");
 
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@ async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {
         println!("Accepted from: {}", stream.peer_addr()?);
         wstd::runtime::spawn(async move {
             // If echo copy fails, we can ignore it.
-            let _ = io::copy(&stream, &stream).await;
+            let mut stream = stream;
+            let (mut read_half, mut write_half) = stream.split();
+            let _ = io::copy(&mut read_half, &mut write_half).await;
         })
         .detach();
     }
diff --git a/src/http/body.rs b/src/http/body.rs
index 95e8a2e..b4de743 100644
--- a/src/http/body.rs
+++ b/src/http/body.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::http::{
     error::Context as _,
     fields::{header_map_from_wasi, header_map_to_wasi},
 };
-use crate::io::{AsyncInputStream, AsyncOutputStream};
+use crate::io::{AsyncInputStream, AsyncOutputStream, AsyncWrite};
 use crate::runtime::{AsyncPollable, Reactor, WaitFor};
 
 pub use ::http_body::{Body as HttpBody, Frame, SizeHint};
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl Body {
         match self.0 {
             BodyInner::Incoming(incoming) => incoming.send(outgoing_body).await,
             BodyInner::Boxed(box_body) => {
-                let out_stream = AsyncOutputStream::new(
+                let mut out_stream = AsyncOutputStream::new(
                     outgoing_body
                         .write()
                         .expect("outgoing body already written"),
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl Body {
                 }
             }
             BodyInner::Complete { data, trailers } => {
-                let out_stream = AsyncOutputStream::new(
+                let mut out_stream = AsyncOutputStream::new(
                     outgoing_body
                         .write()
                         .expect("outgoing body already written"),
@@ -348,14 +348,14 @@ impl Incoming {
     }
     async fn send(self, outgoing_body: WasiOutgoingBody) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let in_body = self.body;
-        let in_stream =
+        let mut in_stream =
             AsyncInputStream::new(in_body.stream().expect("incoming body already read"));
-        let out_stream = AsyncOutputStream::new(
+        let mut out_stream = AsyncOutputStream::new(
             outgoing_body
                 .write()
                 .expect("outgoing body already written"),
         );
-        in_stream.copy_to(&out_stream).await.map_err(|e| {
+        in_stream.copy_to(&mut out_stream).await.map_err(|e| {
             Error::from(e).context("copying incoming body stream to outgoing body stream")
         })?;
         drop(in_stream);
diff --git a/src/io/read.rs b/src/io/read.rs
index a6a95da..474188e 100644
--- a/src/io/read.rs
+++ b/src/io/read.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub trait AsyncRead {
     // If the `AsyncRead` implementation is an unbuffered wrapper around an
     // `AsyncInputStream`, some I/O operations can be more efficient.
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&io::AsyncInputStream> {
+    fn as_async_input_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut io::AsyncInputStream> {
         None
     }
 }
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<R: AsyncRead + ?Sized> AsyncRead for &mut R {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&io::AsyncInputStream> {
+    fn as_async_input_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut io::AsyncInputStream> {
         (**self).as_async_input_stream()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/io/stdio.rs b/src/io/stdio.rs
index b2ac153..e403986 100644
--- a/src/io/stdio.rs
+++ b/src/io/stdio.rs
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ impl AsyncRead for Stdin {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncInputStream> {
-        Some(&self.stream)
+    fn as_async_input_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncInputStream> {
+        Some(&mut self.stream)
     }
 }
 
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl AsyncWrite for Stdout {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncOutputStream> {
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncOutputStream> {
         self.stream.as_async_output_stream()
     }
 }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl AsyncWrite for Stderr {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncOutputStream> {
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncOutputStream> {
         self.stream.as_async_output_stream()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/io/streams.rs b/src/io/streams.rs
index 3676d21..34fd3b0 100644
--- a/src/io/streams.rs
+++ b/src/io/streams.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl AsyncInputStream {
             stream,
         }
     }
-    fn poll_ready(&self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<()> {
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<()> {
         // Lazily initialize the AsyncPollable
         let subscription = self
             .subscription
@@ -43,40 +43,13 @@ impl AsyncInputStream {
         }
     }
     /// Await for read readiness.
-    async fn ready(&self) {
+    async fn ready(&mut self) {
         poll_fn(|cx| self.poll_ready(cx)).await
     }
-    /// Asynchronously read from the input stream.
-    /// This method is the same as [`AsyncRead::read`], but doesn't require a `&mut self`.
-    pub async fn read(&self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
-        let read = loop {
-            self.ready().await;
-            // Ideally, the ABI would be able to read directly into buf.
-            // However, with the default generated bindings, it returns a
-            // newly allocated vec, which we need to copy into buf.
-            match self.stream.read(buf.len() as u64) {
-                // A read of 0 bytes from WASI's `read` doesn't mean
-                // end-of-stream as it does in Rust. However, `self.ready()`
-                // cannot guarantee that at least one byte is ready for
-                // reading, so in this case we try again.
-                Ok(r) if r.is_empty() => continue,
-                Ok(r) => break r,
-                // 0 bytes from Rust's `read` means end-of-stream.
-                Err(StreamError::Closed) => return Ok(0),
-                Err(StreamError::LastOperationFailed(err)) => {
-                    return Err(std::io::Error::other(err.to_debug_string()));
-                }
-            }
-        };
-        let len = read.len();
-        buf[0..len].copy_from_slice(&read);
-        Ok(len)
-    }
-
     /// Move the entire contents of an input stream directly into an output
     /// stream, until the input stream has closed. This operation is optimized
     /// to avoid copying stream contents into and out of memory.
-    pub async fn copy_to(&self, writer: &AsyncOutputStream) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
+    pub async fn copy_to(&mut self, writer: &mut AsyncOutputStream) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
         let mut written = 0;
         loop {
             self.ready().await;
@@ -124,11 +97,32 @@ impl AsyncInputStream {
 
 impl AsyncRead for AsyncInputStream {
     async fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
-        Self::read(self, buf).await
+        let read = loop {
+            self.ready().await;
+            // Ideally, the ABI would be able to read directly into buf.
+            // However, with the default generated bindings, it returns a
+            // newly allocated vec, which we need to copy into buf.
+            match self.stream.read(buf.len() as u64) {
+                // A read of 0 bytes from WASI's `read` doesn't mean
+                // end-of-stream as it does in Rust. However, `self.ready()`
+                // cannot guarantee that at least one byte is ready for
+                // reading, so in this case we try again.
+                Ok(r) if r.is_empty() => continue,
+                Ok(r) => break r,
+                // 0 bytes from Rust's `read` means end-of-stream.
+                Err(StreamError::Closed) => return Ok(0),
+                Err(StreamError::LastOperationFailed(err)) => {
+                    return Err(std::io::Error::other(err.to_debug_string()));
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let len = read.len();
+        buf[0..len].copy_from_slice(&read);
+        Ok(len)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncInputStream> {
+    fn as_async_input_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncInputStream> {
         Some(self)
     }
 }
@@ -150,9 +144,10 @@ impl AsyncInputChunkStream {
 impl futures_lite::stream::Stream for AsyncInputChunkStream {
     type Item = Result<Vec<u8>, std::io::Error>;
     fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
-        match self.stream.poll_ready(cx) {
+        let this = self.get_mut();
+        match this.stream.poll_ready(cx) {
             Poll::Pending => Poll::Pending,
-            Poll::Ready(()) => match self.stream.stream.read(self.chunk_size as u64) {
+            Poll::Ready(()) => match this.stream.stream.read(this.chunk_size as u64) {
                 Ok(r) if r.is_empty() => Poll::Pending,
                 Ok(r) => Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(r))),
                 Err(StreamError::LastOperationFailed(err)) => {
@@ -233,7 +228,7 @@ impl AsyncOutputStream {
         }
     }
     /// Await write readiness.
-    async fn ready(&self) {
+    async fn ready(&mut self) {
         // Lazily initialize the AsyncPollable
         let subscription = self
             .subscription
@@ -241,15 +236,11 @@ impl AsyncOutputStream {
         // Wait on readiness
         subscription.wait_for().await;
     }
-    /// Asynchronously write to the output stream. This method is the same as
-    /// [`AsyncWrite::write`], but doesn't require a `&mut self`.
-    ///
-    /// Awaits for write readiness, and then performs at most one write to the
-    /// output stream. Returns how much of the argument `buf` was written, or
-    /// a `std::io::Error` indicating either an error returned by the stream write
-    /// using the debug string provided by the WASI error, or else that the,
-    /// indicated by `std::io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset`.
-    pub async fn write(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
+}
+
+impl AsyncWrite for AsyncOutputStream {
+    // Required methods
+    async fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
         // Loops at most twice.
         loop {
             match self.stream.check_write() {
@@ -279,32 +270,7 @@ impl AsyncOutputStream {
             }
         }
     }
-
-    /// Asynchronously write to the output stream. This method is the same as
-    /// [`AsyncWrite::write_all`], but doesn't require a `&mut self`.
-    pub async fn write_all(&self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-        let mut to_write = &buf[0..];
-        loop {
-            let bytes_written = self.write(to_write).await?;
-            to_write = &to_write[bytes_written..];
-            if to_write.is_empty() {
-                return Ok(());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Asyncronously flush the output stream. Initiates a flush, and then
-    /// awaits until the flush is complete and the output stream is ready for
-    /// writing again.
-    ///
-    /// This method is the same as [`AsyncWrite::flush`], but doesn't require
-    /// a `&mut self`.
-    ///
-    /// Fails with a `std::io::Error` indicating either an error returned by
-    /// the stream flush, using the debug string provided by the WASI error,
-    /// or else that the stream is closed, indicated by
-    /// `std::io::ErrorKind::ConnectionReset`.
-    pub async fn flush(&self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    async fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         match self.stream.flush() {
             Ok(()) => {
                 self.ready().await;
@@ -318,19 +284,9 @@ impl AsyncOutputStream {
             }
         }
     }
-}
-
-impl AsyncWrite for AsyncOutputStream {
-    // Required methods
-    async fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> std::io::Result<usize> {
-        Self::write(self, buf).await
-    }
-    async fn flush(&mut self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
-        Self::flush(self).await
-    }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncOutputStream> {
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncOutputStream> {
         Some(self)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/io/write.rs b/src/io/write.rs
index 79cf0d9..12fd6ae 100644
--- a/src/io/write.rs
+++ b/src/io/write.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub trait AsyncWrite {
     // If the `AsyncWrite` implementation is an unbuffered wrapper around an
     // `AsyncOutputStream`, some I/O operations can be more efficient.
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&io::AsyncOutputStream> {
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut io::AsyncOutputStream> {
         None
     }
 }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl<W: AsyncWrite + ?Sized> AsyncWrite for &mut W {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&io::AsyncOutputStream> {
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut io::AsyncOutputStream> {
         (**self).as_async_output_stream()
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index ebc673d..64ac672 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 //! **TCP echo server**
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-#![doc = include_str!("../examples/tcp_echo_server.rs")]
+#![cfg_attr(p2, doc = include_str!("../examples/tcp_echo_server.rs"))]
 //! ```
 //!
 //! **HTTP Client**
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 //! **HTTP Server**
 //!
 //! ```rust,no_run
-#![doc = include_str!("../examples/http_server.rs")]
+#![cfg_attr(p2, doc = include_str!("../examples/http_server.rs"))]
 //! ```
 //!
 //! # Design Decisions
@@ -55,30 +55,52 @@
 //! These are unique capabilities provided by WASI 0.2, and because this library
 //! is specific to that are exposed from here.
 
+// Exactly one WASI backend must be selected. See the `p2`/`p3` features.
+#[cfg(all(p2, p3))]
+compile_error!(
+    "the `p2` and `p3` features are mutually exclusive — enable exactly one WASI backend"
+);
+#[cfg(not(any(p2, p3)))]
+compile_error!("exactly one of the `p2` or `p3` features must be enabled");
+
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod future;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 #[macro_use]
 pub mod http;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod io;
 pub mod iter;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod net;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod rand;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod runtime;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod task;
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod time;
 
-pub use wstd_macro::attr_macro_http_server as http_server;
-pub use wstd_macro::attr_macro_main as main;
-pub use wstd_macro::attr_macro_test as test;
+#[cfg(p2)]
+pub use wstd_macro::{
+    attr_macro_http_server as http_server, attr_macro_main as main, attr_macro_test as test,
+};
 
-// Re-export the wasip2 crate for use only by `wstd-macro` macros. The proc
-// macros need to generate code that uses these definitions, but we don't want
-// to treat it as part of our public API with regards to semver, so we keep it
-// under `__internal` as well as doc(hidden) to indicate it is private.
+// Re-export the active WASI backend crate for use only by `wstd-macro` macros.
+// The proc macros need to generate code that uses these definitions, but we
+// don't want to treat it as part of our public API with regards to semver, so
+// we keep it under `__internal` as well as doc(hidden) to indicate it is
+// private.
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod __internal {
+    #[cfg(p2)]
     pub use wasip2;
+    #[cfg(p3)]
+    pub use wasip3;
 }
 
+#[cfg(p2)]
 pub mod prelude {
     pub use crate::future::FutureExt as _;
     pub use crate::io::AsyncRead as _;
diff --git a/src/net/tcp_listener.rs b/src/net/tcp_listener.rs
index 9a1f57a..b7af12b 100644
--- a/src/net/tcp_listener.rs
+++ b/src/net/tcp_listener.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl TcpListener {
     }
 
     /// Returns an iterator over the connections being received on this listener.
-    pub fn incoming(&self) -> Incoming<'_> {
+    pub fn incoming(&mut self) -> Incoming<'_> {
         Incoming { listener: self }
     }
 }
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl TcpListener {
 /// An iterator that infinitely accepts connections on a TcpListener.
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Incoming<'a> {
-    listener: &'a TcpListener,
+    listener: &'a mut TcpListener,
 }
 
 impl<'a> AsyncIterator for Incoming<'a> {
diff --git a/src/net/tcp_stream.rs b/src/net/tcp_stream.rs
index af3674a..977fb29 100644
--- a/src/net/tcp_stream.rs
+++ b/src/net/tcp_stream.rs
@@ -86,8 +86,17 @@ impl TcpStream {
         Ok(format!("{addr:?}"))
     }
 
-    pub fn split(&self) -> (ReadHalf<'_>, WriteHalf<'_>) {
-        (ReadHalf(self), WriteHalf(self))
+    pub fn split(&mut self) -> (ReadHalf<'_>, WriteHalf<'_>) {
+        (
+            ReadHalf {
+                stream: &mut self.input,
+                socket: &self.socket,
+            },
+            WriteHalf {
+                stream: &mut self.output,
+                socket: &self.socket,
+            },
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -104,18 +113,8 @@ impl io::AsyncRead for TcpStream {
         self.input.read(buf).await
     }
 
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncInputStream> {
-        Some(&self.input)
-    }
-}
-
-impl io::AsyncRead for &TcpStream {
-    async fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.input.read(buf).await
-    }
-
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncInputStream> {
-        (**self).as_async_input_stream()
+    fn as_async_input_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncInputStream> {
+        Some(&mut self.input)
     }
 }
 
@@ -128,64 +127,56 @@ impl io::AsyncWrite for TcpStream {
         self.output.flush().await
     }
 
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncOutputStream> {
-        Some(&self.output)
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncOutputStream> {
+        Some(&mut self.output)
     }
 }
 
-impl io::AsyncWrite for &TcpStream {
-    async fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.output.write(buf).await
-    }
-
-    async fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.output.flush().await
-    }
+pub struct ReadHalf<'a> {
+    stream: &'a mut AsyncInputStream,
+    socket: &'a TcpSocket,
+}
 
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncOutputStream> {
-        (**self).as_async_output_stream()
+impl<'a> Drop for ReadHalf<'a> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = self
+            .socket
+            .shutdown(wasip2::sockets::tcp::ShutdownType::Receive);
     }
 }
 
-pub struct ReadHalf<'a>(&'a TcpStream);
 impl<'a> io::AsyncRead for ReadHalf<'a> {
     async fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.0.read(buf).await
+        self.stream.read(buf).await
     }
 
-    fn as_async_input_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncInputStream> {
-        self.0.as_async_input_stream()
+    fn as_async_input_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncInputStream> {
+        self.stream.as_async_input_stream()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Drop for ReadHalf<'a> {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        let _ = self
-            .0
-            .socket
-            .shutdown(wasip2::sockets::tcp::ShutdownType::Receive);
-    }
+pub struct WriteHalf<'a> {
+    stream: &'a mut AsyncOutputStream,
+    socket: &'a TcpSocket,
 }
 
-pub struct WriteHalf<'a>(&'a TcpStream);
 impl<'a> io::AsyncWrite for WriteHalf<'a> {
     async fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        self.0.write(buf).await
+        self.stream.write(buf).await
     }
 
     async fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        self.0.flush().await
+        self.stream.flush().await
     }
 
-    fn as_async_output_stream(&self) -> Option<&AsyncOutputStream> {
-        self.0.as_async_output_stream()
+    fn as_async_output_stream(&mut self) -> Option<&mut AsyncOutputStream> {
+        self.stream.as_async_output_stream()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a> Drop for WriteHalf<'a> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         let _ = self
-            .0
             .socket
             .shutdown(wasip2::sockets::tcp::ShutdownType::Send);
     }